Learn the pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation, laboratory findings, D-dimer formation, acute versus chronic DIC, and the ISTH scoring system.
Learn the intrinsic, extrinsic and common coagulation pathways, clotting factors, PT and APTT interpretation, haemophilia, and the modern model of haemostasis.
What prothrombin time and INR measure, which coagulation factors PT assesses, common causes of prolonged PT/INR, and key interpretation pitfalls.
Learn what APTT measures, the intrinsic and common pathways, causes of prolonged APTT, haemophilia, lupus anticoagulant, heparin monitoring, and mixing studies.
Step-by-step breakdown of the INR formula — PT ratio, ISI exponent, worked examples from normal to supratherapeutic, and common calculation mistakes.
International Sensitivity Index (ISI) Explained
What the ISI is, how thromboplastin reagents are calibrated against the WHO reference, and why ISI is used as the exponent in the INR formula.