Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG) Explained: Pathophysiology, PHG vs GAVE & Treatment
Understand portal hypertensive gastropathy clearly: pathophysiology, mosaic snakeskin appearance, how PHG causes iron deficiency anaemia, PHG vs GAVE, PHG vs gastric varices, and management with beta blockers and TIPS.
Hepatic Hydrothorax Explained: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment & TIPS
Understand hepatic hydrothorax clearly: why ascites causes pleural effusion through diaphragmatic defects, why it is usually right-sided, why it can occur without obvious ascites, and why chest drains are dangerous. Covers diagnosis, TIPS, spontaneous bacterial empyema and prognosis.
TIPS Explained: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Made Simple
Understand TIPS clearly: how a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt reduces HVPG and portal pressure, indications, contraindications, benefits, complications and encephalopathy risk.
Hepatic Encephalopathy Explained: Ammonia, Portosystemic Shunting and Brain Dysfunction Made Simple
Understand hepatic encephalopathy clearly: ammonia interpretation, portosystemic shunting, covert and overt HE, West Haven grades, triggers, lactulose, rifaximin and TIPS.
Understand the Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient formula, why high SAAG means portal hypertension, low SAAG causes, worked examples, and how to combine SAAG with ascitic fluid protein.
Understand SBP clearly: bacterial translocation, PMN cutoff, risk factors, culture-negative neutrocytic ascites, albumin use, diagnosis and complications.
Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) Explained: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Approach
Understand hepatorenal syndrome clearly: why kidneys fail in cirrhosis, HRS diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, HRS vs ATN, albumin, terlipressin and prognosis.
Variceal Bleeding Explained: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Management Principles
Understand variceal bleeding clearly: portal hypertension, HVPG thresholds, collateral formation, red wale marks, variceal rupture, endoscopy, band ligation and TIPS.
Learn how ascites develops, the role of portal hypertension, RAAS activation, diagnostic paracentesis, SAAG interpretation, and major complications.
Learn portal hypertension, normal portal venous circulation, how cirrhosis increases portal pressure, and why varices, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and ascites develop.
The five components of Child-Pugh scoring, worked example, Classes A, B, and C, prognosis, limitations, and comparison with the MELD score.
MELD formula (bilirubin, INR, creatinine), worked example, score interpretation ranges, MELD-Na, transplant prioritisation, and comparison with Child-Pugh.